EarthTrends (http://earthtrends.wri.org) Searchable Database Results Provided by the World Resources Institute (http://www.wri.org) "Biodiversity and Protected Areas -- Species: Amphibian species, number extinct" "Units: Number" ,,1990-1999, World "World {1}","",5.0, ,,1990-1999, Country "Afghanistan","AFG",0.0, "Albania","ALB",0.0, "Algeria","DZA",0.0, "Angola","AGO",0.0, "Antigua and Barbuda","ATG",0.0, "Argentina","ARG",0.0, "Armenia","ARM",0.0, "Aruba","ABW",0.0, "Australia","AUS",1.0, "Austria","AUT",0.0, "Azerbaijan","AZE",0.0, "Bahamas","BHS",0.0, "Bahrain","BHR",0.0, "Bangladesh","BGD",0.0, "Barbados","BRB",0.0, "Belarus","BLR",0.0, "Belgium","BEL",0.0, "Belize","BLZ",0.0, "Benin","BEN",0.0, "Bermuda","BMU",0.0, "Bhutan","BTN",0.0, "Bolivia","BOL",0.0, "Bosnia and Herzegovina","BIH",0.0, "Botswana","BWA",0.0, "Brazil","BRA",0.0, "Brunei Darussalam","BRN",0.0, "Bulgaria","BGR",0.0, "Burkina Faso","BFA",0.0, "Burundi","BDI",0.0, "Cambodia","KHM",0.0, "Cameroon","CMR",0.0, "Canada","CAN",0.0, "Cape Verde","CPV",0.0, "Côte d'Ivoire","CIV",0.0, "Central African Rep","CAF",0.0, "Chad","TCD",0.0, "Chile","CHL",0.0, "China","CHN",0.0, "Colombia","COL",0.0, "Comoros","COM",0.0, "Congo","COG",0.0, "Congo, Dem Rep","COD",0.0, "Costa Rica","CRI",0.0, "Croatia","HRV",0.0, "Cuba","CUB",0.0, "Cyprus","CYP",0.0, "Czech Rep","CZE",0.0, "Denmark","DNK",0.0, "Djibouti","DJI",0.0, "Dominica","DMA",0.0, "Dominican Rep","DOM",0.0, "Ecuador","ECU",0.0, "Egypt","EGY",0.0, "El Salvador","SLV",0.0, "Equatorial Guinea","GNQ",0.0, "Eritrea","ERI",0.0, "Estonia","EST",0.0, "Ethiopia","ETH",0.0, "Fiji","FJI",0.0, "Finland","FIN",0.0, "France","FRA",0.0, "French Guiana","GUF",0.0, "French Polynesia","PYF",0.0, "Gabon","GAB",0.0, "Gambia","GMB",0.0, "Georgia","GEO",0.0, "Germany","DEU",0.0, "Ghana","GHA",0.0, "Greece","GRC",0.0, "Grenada","GRD",0.0, "Guadeloupe","GLP",0.0, "Guatemala","GTM",0.0, "Guinea","GIN",0.0, "Guinea-Bissau","GNB",0.0, "Guyana","GUY",0.0, "Haiti","HTI",0.0, "Honduras","HND",0.0, "Hong Kong","HKG",0.0, "Hungary","HUN",0.0, "Iceland","ISL",0.0, "India","IND",0.0, "Indonesia","IDN",0.0, "Iran, Islamic Rep","IRN",0.0, "Iraq","IRQ",0.0, "Ireland","IRL",0.0, "Israel","ISR",1.0, "Italy","ITA",0.0, "Jamaica","JAM",0.0, "Japan","JPN",0.0, "Jordan","JOR",0.0, "Kazakhstan","KAZ",0.0, "Kenya","KEN",1.0, "Kiribati","KIR",0.0, "Korea, Dem People's Rep","PRK",0.0, "Korea, Rep","KOR",0.0, "Kuwait","KWT",0.0, "Kyrgyzstan","KGZ",0.0, "Lao People's Dem Rep","LAO",0.0, "Latvia","LVA",0.0, "Lebanon","LBN",0.0, "Lesotho","LSO",0.0, "Liberia","LBR",0.0, "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya","LBY",0.0, "Lithuania","LTU",0.0, "Luxembourg","LUX",0.0, "Macau","MAC",0.0, "Macedonia, FYR","MKD",0.0, "Madagascar","MDG",0.0, "Malawi","MWI",0.0, "Malaysia","MYS",0.0, "Maldives","MDV",0.0, "Mali","MLI",0.0, "Malta","MLT",0.0, "Marshall Islands","MHL",0.0, "Martinique","MTQ",0.0, "Mauritania","MRT",0.0, "Mauritius","MUS",0.0, "Mexico","MEX",1.0, "Micronesia, Fed States","FSM",0.0, "Moldova, Rep","MDA",0.0, "Mongolia","MNG",0.0, "Morocco","MAR",0.0, "Mozambique","MOZ",0.0, "Myanmar","MMR",0.0, "Namibia","NAM",0.0, "Nepal","NPL",0.0, "Netherlands","NLD",0.0, "Netherlands Antilles","ANT",0.0, "New Caledonia","NCL",0.0, "New Zealand","NZL",0.0, "Nicaragua","NIC",0.0, "Niger","NER",0.0, "Nigeria","NGA",0.0, "Norway","NOR",0.0, "Oman","OMN",0.0, "Pakistan","PAK",0.0, "Panama","PAN",0.0, "Papua New Guinea","PNG",0.0, "Paraguay","PRY",0.0, "Peru","PER",0.0, "Philippines","PHL",0.0, "Poland","POL",0.0, "Portugal","PRT",0.0, "Puerto Rico","PRI",0.0, "Qatar","QAT",0.0, "Réunion","REU",0.0, "Romania","ROU",0.0, "Russian Federation","RUS",0.0, "Rwanda","RWA",0.0, "Samoa","WSM",0.0, "Sao Tome & Principe","STP",0.0, "Saudi Arabia","SAU",0.0, "Senegal","SEN",0.0, "Serbia and Montenegro","YUG",0.0, "Seychelles","SYC",0.0, "Sierra Leone","SLE",0.0, "Singapore","SGP",0.0, "Slovakia","SVK",0.0, "Slovenia","SVN",0.0, "Solomon Islands","SLB",0.0, "Somalia","SOM",0.0, "South Africa","ZAF",0.0, "Spain","ESP",0.0, "Sri Lanka","LKA",0.0, "St. Lucia","LCA",0.0, "St. Vincent & Grenadines","VCT",0.0, "Sudan","SDN",0.0, "Suriname","SUR",0.0, "Swaziland","SWZ",0.0, "Sweden","SWE",0.0, "Switzerland","CHE",0.0, "Syrian Arab Rep","SYR",1.0, "Taiwan","TWN",0.0, "Tajikistan","TJK",0.0, "Tanzania","TZA",0.0, "Thailand","THA",0.0, "Togo","TGO",0.0, "Tonga","TON",0.0, "Trinidad and Tobago","TTO",0.0, "Tunisia","TUN",0.0, "Turkey","TUR",0.0, "Turkmenistan","TKM",0.0, "Uganda","UGA",0.0, "Ukraine","UKR",0.0, "United Arab Emirates","ARE",0.0, "United Kingdom","GBR",0.0, "United States","USA",1.0, "Uruguay","URY",0.0, "Uzbekistan","UZB",0.0, "Vanuatu","VUT",0.0, "Venezuela","VEN",0.0, "Viet Nam","VNM",0.0, "Virgin Islands","VIR",0.0, "Yemen","YEM",0.0, "Zambia","ZMB",0.0, "Zimbabwe","ZWE",0.0, Footnotes "1 -- World" "Figure for the world total is from: Frost, D.R. (ed.) 1985. Amphibian Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allan Press Inc., and the Association of Systematic Collections: Lawrence, Kansas, USA. And from: Duellman, W.E. 1993. Amphibian Species of the World: Additions and corrections. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Special Publication No. 21." Source "Extinct and extinct in the wild species data are from WCMC and World Conservation Union (IUCN), 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals (IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1996), available on-line at http://www.wcmc.org.uk/species/animals/animal_redlist.html" Technical Notes "The total number of known species may include introductions in some instances. The number of endemic species refers to those species known to be found only within the country listed. Figures are not necessarily comparable among countries because taxonomic concepts and the extent of knowledge vary (for the latter reason, country totals of species and endemics may be underestimates). In general, numbers of amphibians are not as well known compared to other taxonomic groups such as birds and mammals. The number of threatened species listed for all countries includes full species that are categorized by IUCN as being critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable. It excludes introduced species, species whose status is insufficiently known (categorized by IUCN as ""data deficient""(DD)), those known to be extinct, and those which status has not been assessed (categorized by IUCN as ""not evaluated""(NE)). If a species is listed under the DD or NE categories - it should not be treated as a non-threatened species, but as one that has not been assessed. Threatened species data reflect estimates presented in the World Conservation Union (IUCN), 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals (IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1996). The 1996 Red List of Threatened Animals was the first time that all known mammal and bird species were assessed for threat. Unfortunately a very small proportion of amphibian species has been assessed and therefore numbers for threatened species are probably significantly underestimated. Scientists have recently been documenting declines in populations of amphibian species worldwide, and a few species seem to have become extinct. This was also the first time that the new IUCN categories and criteria were applied to assess the risk of extinction of species. A brief description of the new system is presented below. For more detailed information please refer to the original source. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) classifies threatened species as ""all full species categorized at the global level as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable."" The definitions for these categories follow: a) Critically Endangered: ""When a taxon is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future as defined by any of the criteria A-E"" (defined below). b) Endangered: ""When a taxon is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future as defined by any of the criteria A-E."" c) Vulnerable: ""When a taxon is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future as defined by any of the criteria A-E."" For each threat category there are five criteria A-E used to assess species status (see below). This provides a more rigorous approach from that used prior to revisions of the IUCN criteria. Species need to meet only one of the five criteria (A-E) to be listed under that particular threat category. The five criteria are: A- Declining population B- Small population and decline or fluctuation C- Small population size and decline D- Very small population/very restricted distribution E- Quantitative analysis (e.g. Population Viability Analysis) In addition, there are subcriteria which provide further information on the reasons to list a species, potential causes of threat, etc. Number of species per 10,000 square kilometers provides a relative estimate for comparing numbers of species among countries of differing size. Because the relationship between area and species number is nonlinear (i.e., as the area sampled increases, the number of new species located decreases), a species-area curve has been used to standardize these species numbers. The curve predicts how many species a country would have, given its current number of known species, if it was a uniform 10,000 square kilometers in size. This number is calculated using the formula for a species-area curve: S=c (A) elevated to ""z"", where, S= the number of species, A = area, and c and z are constants. The slope of the species-area curve is determined by the constant z , which is approximately 0.33 for large areas containing many habitats. This constant is based on data from previous studies of species-area relationships. In reality, the constant 'z' would differ among regions and countries, because of differences in species range size (which tend to be smaller in the tropics) and differences in varieties of habitats present. A tropical country with a broad variety of habitats would be expected to have a steeper species-area curve than a temperate, homogenous country because one would predict a greater number of species per unit area. Species-area curves also are steeper for islands than for mainland countries. At present, there are insufficient regional data to estimate separate slopes for each country. IUCN categorizes a species as ""Extinct"" if there is ""no reasonable doubt that the last individual of that species has died."" Because a very small proportion of amphibian species has been assessed, and the assessment was done before 1996, numbers for extinct species are probably significantly underestimated. Please refer to the original source for further information on the variables and collection methodologies."