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"Economics, Business, and the Environment -- Base of the Pyramid: Share of total household expenditure, transportation"

"Units: Percent (%) of total household expenditure among those earning less than $3,000 annually"

,,2005,
Country
"Bangladesh","BGD",3.2,
"Belarus","BLR",1.3,
"Bolivia","BOL",5.1,
"Brazil","BRA",10.7,
"Burkina Faso","BFA",5.6,
"Burundi","BDI",0.7,
"Cambodia","KHM",4.1,
"Cameroon","CMR",8.4,
"Côte d'Ivoire","CIV",7.5,
"Colombia","COL",6.6,
"Djibouti","DJI",4.9,
"Gabon","GAB",7.9,
"Guatemala","GTM",3.5,
"Honduras","HND",12.2,
"India","IND",2.1,
"Indonesia","IDN",4.1,
"Jamaica","JAM",7.4,
"Kazakhstan","KAZ",3.6,
"Macedonia, FYR","MKD",4.9,
"Malawi","MWI",4.9,
"Mexico","MEX",9.8,
"Nepal","NPL",2.3,
"Nigeria","NGA",5.8,
"Pakistan","PAK",4.1,
"Paraguay","PRY",6.0,
"Peru","PER",2.9,
"Russian Federation","RUS",2.7,
"Rwanda","RWA",2.3,
"Sierra Leone","SLE",3.4,
"South Africa","ZAF",5.6,
"Sri Lanka","LKA",5.0,
"Tajikistan","TJK",2.9,
"Thailand","THA",8.7,
"Uganda","UGA",5.3,
"Ukraine","UKR",2.1,
"Uzbekistan","UZB",0.0,

Footnotes
No footnotes

Source
"World Resources Institute (WRI) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2007. Next Four Billion: Market Size & Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid. Washington, D.C.: WRI. Available on-line at: http://www.nextbillion.net/thenext4billion and http://www.wri.org/thenext4billion."


Technical Notes
"The Base of the Pyramid (BOP) dataset shown here reflects the aggregate population earning less than $3,000 annually in 36 countries. The original dataset, however, segregates the BOP into six categories using $500 intervals. The complete dataset showing estimates from all six categories is available on-line at: http://www.nextbillion.net/thenext4billion and http://www.wri.org/thenext4billion."
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"Definition"
"Share of total household expenditure, transportation refers to the proportion of household spending that is dedicated to transportation among those earning less than $3,000 per year (the Base of the Pyramid). Transportation expenditures include the purchase and maintenance of motor cars, motorcycles, and bicycles as well as spending on transport by air, railway, road and sea. Income cutoffs are given in 2002 international dollars, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP); when inflated to 2005 international dollars, the actual income cutoff is $3,260. The aim of this data is to generate poverty-specific purchasing power parities that take into account the spending patterns of the poor."
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"Identifying the unique income and consumption patterns among those occupying different income brackets at the base of the pyramid provides an empirical and analytic foundation for assessing business and development opportunities within BOP markets in a manner that is comparable across countries."
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"Years Covered and Frequency of Update"
"This dataset displays the most recent information available for 36 countries, originally published in  Next Four Billion: Market Size & Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid (World Resources Institute, March 2007). Although the dataset has been compiled from surveys taking place between 1998 and 2005, all dollar amounts have been adjusted to 2005 PPP, international dollars using a uniform inflation rate."
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"Methodology"
"The size of a country's population living below Base of the Pyramid (BOP) income thresholds is derived from national income and consumption surveys conducted by national statistics offices, or by private agencies under the supervision of government or international agencies. Once survey data were harmonized by the World Bank, the World Resources Institute's Development Through Enterprise program estimated the size of population segments at specific income levels using an income inequality methodology developed by Branko Milanovic, lead economist with the World Bank's Research Department. See Worlds Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequality (Milanovic, 2005) for more information on specific surveys and estimation methods."
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"Total expenditure of the population living below BOP income thresholds is assumed to be equivalent to total income and is calculated using the same national survey data."
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"Household expenditure data by sector are also derived from household consumption surveys. WRI aggregates the various expenditure categories found in these data into 10 sectors for all 36 countries: food, housing, water, energy, household goods, health, transportation, information and communication technology, education, and other. All surveys have been standardized as part of the 2003-06 round of the International Comparisons Program, a global statistical initiative established to produce internationally comparable price levels, expenditure values, and purchasing power parity estimates. "
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"Data Reliability"
"While WRI used uniform methods to process national survey data based on well-established methodologies created by the World Bank, individual survey quality varies widely and even similar surveys may not be strictly comparable. Significant differences in the design of questionnaires make it impossible to fully harmonize aggregation procedures. For example, household consumption measurements can vary widely depending on the distinct categorization of consumer goods identified. In some cases, consumption categories identified here were not listed in the original surveys and are therefore represented in the data by a "".."" indicating that estimations are not available for that sector."
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"Although local currency is adjusted with PPP rates to make data more comparable, these data do not necessarily reflect the same degree of deprivation or need across countries. Any revisions in the PPP of a country to incorporate better price indices can produce dramatically different results. For more information on PPP, please see EarthTrends' technical notes on PPP."
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"Comparisons of countries with different levels of development can be problematic due to variations in the relative importance of expenditure and income from the production and consumption of non-market goods. The local market value of all consumption (including consumption from own production, particularly important in underdeveloped rural economies) should be included in the measure of total consumption expenditure. While most survey data now include valuations for consumption of income from own production, valuation methods vary. "
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"Several country estimates in this dataset report the population living at the BOP to be greater than or equal to 100 percent due to data inconsistencies and sampling errors which are exacerbated as the BOP population approaches 100 percent of the total population."
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