EarthTrends (http://earthtrends.wri.org) Searchable Database Results Provided by the World Resources Institute (http://www.wri.org) "Population, Health and Human Well-being -- Children's Health: Average annual reduction in under-5 mortality" "Units: Percent (%)" ,,1990-2007,1970-1990, World "World {1}","",1.8,2.2, ,,1990-2007,1970-1990, Region/Classification "Middle East & North Africa {2}","",3.2,4.5, "Sub-Saharan Africa {3}","",1.3,1.1, "Developing Countries {4}","",1.9,2.3, "Industrialized Countries {5}","",3.0,4.4, "Least Developed Countries {6}","",1.9,1.5, ,,1990-2007,1970-1990, Country "Afghanistan","AFG",0.1,1.0, "Albania","ALB",6.6,4.2, "Algeria","DZA",3.7,5.8, "Andorra","AND",4.1,.., "Angola","AGO",2.9,.., "Argentina","ARG",3.5,4.3, "Armenia","ARM",5.0,.., "Australia","AUS",2.4,4.2, "Austria","AUT",4.8,5.9, "Azerbaijan","AZE",5.4,.., "Bahamas","BHS",4.7,2.6, "Bahrain","BHR",3.8,7.3, "Bangladesh","BGD",5.3,2.3, "Barbados","BRB",2.0,5.8, "Belarus","BLR",3.6,.., "Belgium","BEL",4.1,4.4, "Belize","BLZ",3.2,.., "Benin","BEN",2.4,1.7, "Bhutan","BTN",3.3,3.3, "Bolivia","BOL",4.6,3.3, "Bosnia and Herzegovina","BIH",2.7,6.6, "Botswana","BWA",2.1,4.6, "Brazil","BRA",5.7,4.2, "Brunei Darussalam","BRN",1.2,9.8, "Bulgaria","BGR",2.4,3.0, "Burkina Faso","BFA",0.4,1.6, "Burundi","BDI",0.3,0.7, "Cambodia","KHM",1.6,.., "Cameroon","CMR",-0.4,2.2, "Canada","CAN",1.7,5.1, "Cape Verde","CPV",3.7,.., "Côte d'Ivoire","CIV",1.0,2.2, "Central African Rep","CAF",0.0,1.5, "Chad","TCD",-0.2,.., "Chile","CHL",5.0,7.7, "China","CHN",4.2,4.8, "Colombia","COL",3.3,5.5, "Comoros","COM",3.5,2.9, "Congo","COG",-1.1,1.6, "Congo, Dem Rep","COD",1.3,0.8, "Cook Islands","COK",3.4,.., "Costa Rica","CRI",2.9,7.6, "Croatia","HRV",4.5,5.9, "Cuba","CUB",3.6,5.5, "Cyprus","CYP",4.6,5.2, "Czech Rep","CZE",6.5,3.5, "Denmark","DNK",4.8,2.9, "Djibouti","DJI",1.9,.., "Dominica","DMA",2.9,6.0, "Dominican Rep","DOM",3.2,3.4, "Ecuador","ECU",5.6,4.5, "Egypt","EGY",5.6,4.7, "El Salvador","SLV",5.4,5.0, "Equatorial Guinea","GNQ",-1.1,.., "Eritrea","ERI",4.4,2.4, "Estonia","EST",6.5,0.5, "Ethiopia","ETH",3.2,0.8, "Fiji","FJI",1.2,.., "Finland","FIN",3.3,4.1, "France","FRA",4.8,3.5, "Gabon","GAB",0.1,.., "Gambia","GMB",2.0,3.5, "Georgia","GEO",2.6,.., "Germany","DEU",4.8,5.3, "Ghana","GHA",0.3,2.1, "Greece","GRC",6.0,5.3, "Grenada","GRD",3.9,.., "Guatemala","GTM",4.4,3.6, "Guinea","GIN",2.5,1.7, "Guinea-Bissau","GNB",1.1,.., "Guyana","GUY",2.3,.., "Haiti","HTI",4.1,1.9, "Honduras","HND",5.2,5.3, "Hungary","HUN",5.2,4.3, "Iceland","ISL",5.0,4.1, "India","IND",2.9,2.4, "Indonesia","IDN",6.3,3.2, "Iran, Islamic Rep","IRN",4.6,4.9, "Iraq","IRQ",1.1,4.3, "Ireland","IRL",4.8,4.7, "Israel","ISR",5.1,4.4, "Italy","ITA",5.4,6.0, "Jamaica","JAM",0.4,3.2, "Japan","JPN",2.4,5.2, "Jordan","JOR",3.0,4.9, "Kazakhstan","KAZ",3.7,1.9, "Kenya","KEN",-1.3,2.4, "Kiribati","KIR",2.0,.., "Korea, Dem People's Rep","PRK",0.0,1.2, "Korea, Rep","KOR",3.5,9.0, "Kuwait","KWT",1.8,6.8, "Kyrgyzstan","KGZ",3.9,.., "Lao People's Dem Rep","LAO",5.0,1.5, "Latvia","LVA",3.7,0.8, "Lebanon","LBN",1.4,1.9, "Lesotho","LSO",1.1,2.6, "Liberia","LBR",2.5,1.6, "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya","LBY",4.8,6.8, "Liechtenstein","LIE",7.1,.., "Lithuania","LTU",4.1,1.6, "Luxembourg","LUX",6.5,4.7, "Macedonia, FYR","MKD",4.7,5.7, "Madagascar","MDG",2.4,0.3, "Malawi","MWI",3.7,2.3, "Malaysia","MYS",4.1,5.8, "Maldives","MDV",7.7,.., "Mali","MLI",1.4,2.0, "Malta","MLT",4.6,4.7, "Marshall Islands","MHL",3.1,.., "Mauritania","MRT",0.5,2.9, "Mauritius","MUS",2.8,6.4, "Mexico","MEX",2.3,3.8, "Micronesia, Fed States","FSM",2.2,.., "Moldova, Rep","MDA",4.2,2.8, "Monaco","MCO",4.8,.., "Mongolia","MNG",4.8,.., "Montenegro","MNE",2.8,.., "Morocco","MAR",5.7,3.6, "Mozambique","MOZ",1.1,1.6, "Myanmar","MMR",1.4,1.6, "Namibia","NAM",1.4,1.9, "Nepal","NPL",5.6,2.6, "Netherlands","NLD",2.8,3.5, "New Zealand","NZL",3.6,3.2, "Nicaragua","NIC",3.9,4.4, "Niger","NER",3.2,0.2, "Nigeria","NGA",1.2,0.7, "Norway","NOR",4.8,2.9, "Oman","OMN",5.8,9.2, "Pakistan","PAK",2.3,1.7, "Palau","PLW",4.4,.., "Palestinian Territories","",2.0,.., "Panama","PAN",2.3,3.5, "Papua New Guinea","PNG",2.2,2.5, "Paraguay","PRY",2.0,3.0, "Peru","PER",8.0,3.9, "Philippines","PHL",4.7,1.8, "Poland","POL",5.2,3.6, "Portugal","PRT",7.8,7.4, "Qatar","QAT",3.2,3.4, "Romania","ROU",4.5,2.4, "Russian Federation","RUS",3.5,2.0, "Rwanda","RWA",0.4,0.7, "Saint Kitts and Nevis","KNA",4.1,.., "Samoa","WSM",3.6,3.5, "San Marino","SMR",6.9,.., "Sao Tome & Principe","STP",0.1,0.1, "Saudi Arabia","SAU",3.3,7.2, "Senegal","SEN",1.6,3.1, "Seychelles","SYC",2.2,5.7, "Sierra Leone","SLE",0.6,1.2, "Singapore","SGP",5.8,6.1, "Slovakia","SVK",3.7,3.6, "Slovenia","SVN",6.0,4.8, "Solomon Islands","SLB",3.2,.., "Somalia","SOM",2.1,.., "South Africa","ZAF",0.5,2.8, "Spain","ESP",4.8,5.1, "Sri Lanka","LKA",2.5,5.7, "St. Lucia","LCA",0.9,5.7, "St. Vincent & Grenadines","VCT",0.9,5.9, "Sudan","SDN",0.8,1.5, "Suriname","SUR",3.3,.., "Swaziland","SWZ",0.3,3.6, "Sweden","SWE",5.0,3.1, "Switzerland","CHE",2.8,4.1, "Syrian Arab Rep","SYR",4.6,6.2, "Tajikistan","TJK",3.3,0.8, "Tanzania","TZA",1.8,1.6, "Thailand","THA",8.8,6.0, "Timor-Leste","TMP",3.8,.., "Togo","TGO",2.4,1.9, "Tonga","TON",1.9,2.2, "Trinidad and Tobago","TTO",-0.2,2.3, "Tunisia","TUN",5.3,6.8, "Turkey","TUR",7.5,4.5, "Turkmenistan","TKM",4.0,.., "Uganda","UGA",1.7,0.5, "Ukraine","UKR",0.2,1.8, "United Arab Emirates","ARE",3.7,8.6, "United Kingdom","GBR",2.4,4.2, "United States","USA",1.9,3.7, "Uruguay","URY",3.4,4.4, "Uzbekistan","UZB",3.5,.., "Vanuatu","VUT",3.5,4.6, "Venezuela","VEN",3.1,3.3, "Viet Nam","VNM",7.7,2.1, "Yemen","YEM",3.3,4.4, "Zambia","ZMB",-0.2,0.5, "Zimbabwe","ZWE",0.3,1.6, Footnotes "1 -- World" "World total calculated by UNICEF." "2 -- Middle East & North Africa" "Regional total calculated by UNICEF." "3 -- Sub-Saharan Africa" "Regional total calculated by UNICEF." "4 -- Developing Countries" "Regional total calculated by UNICEF." "5 -- Industrialized Countries" "Regional total calculated by UNICEF." "6 -- Least Developed Countries" "Regional total calculated by UNICEF." Source "United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2008. The State of the World's Children 2009: Maternal and Newborn Health. Table 10. New York: UNICEF. Available online at: http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/index.php." Technical Notes "Adapted from: Hill et al. 1998. Trends in Child Mortality in the Developing World: 1960-1996 Unpublished report. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=dmssa&part=A161." "" "Definition: " "Average annual reduction in under-5 mortality is the percentage reduction each year in the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) for two time periods: 1970-1990 and 1990-2007. A positive number indicates a net reduction in mortality; a negative number indicates a net increase." "" "U5MR is the probability of a child dying between birth and the age of five expressed per 1,000 live births. The indicator is used as a measure of children's well-being and the level of effort being made to maintain child health. Over three-quarters of child deaths in the developing world are caused by diseases that can be prevented or cured by low-cost interventions such as immunization, oral rehydration therapy (ORT), and antibiotics. " "" "The United Nations Millennium Development Goals require a two thirds (67%) reduction in U5MR from 1990 to 2015. This indicator provides a current assessment of progress toward this goal." "" "Years Covered and Frequency of Update:" "Data are available for two time intervals: 1970-1990 and 1990-2007. Measured data for each year do not exist for each country. The data for these dates are based on a careful process of fitting curves to existing data. Please see the ""Methodology"" and ""Data Reliability"" sections below. " "" "The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) publishes the most recent U5MR data available in their annual State of the World's Children Report and also periodically updates these data online at UNICEF's Childinfo.org: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women statistical database." "" "Methodology: " "The data on mortality of children after infancy is typically obtained from civil registration records on deaths of young children, with additional information on population sizes of those exposed to the risk of dying taken from population censuses. " "" "In many developing countries, however, civil registration records are incomplete. In these instances, several types of surveys may be utilized to collect birth and death histories of sample populations to fill gaps in knowledge. These surveys include longitudinal or prospective surveys in which a selected sample of the national population is followed over time and vital events are recorded. Another survey methodology collects birth histories from a sample of mothers. The mother is asked the dates of birth and, where relevant, the age of death of every live-born child she has had. The World Fertility Program collected such data widely in the 1970s and 1980s. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have recently been providing these data. A third survey method is called the Brass method, which asks each woman surveyed simple questions such as her age, the total number of children she has borne, and the number of those children who have died. The age of the mother and the proportion of children that died, in conjunction with assumptions of fertility and other factors, allow for an estimation of U5MR." "" "UNICEF and its partners took these varied data and fitted curves through all data from 1960 through the most recent data available. The curves were applied to the data by fitting a regression line using a weighted least-squares regression model. The basic model assumes that the rate of change of mortality is linear with respect to time. This model was then adapted by allowing intervals to be added based on availability of sufficient data. Different sources of data were weighted; government vital statistics were weighted as ""1"" while independent estimates such as a DHS were weighted with a ""5"". Each time the weights summed to five, a new beginning of a period during which mortality was assumed to progress linearly was begun." "" "For more information regarding the methodologies employed, please consult Hill et al. 1998. Trends in Child Mortality in the Developing World: 1960-1996." "" "Regional aggregates presented here were calculated by UNICEF. Estimates were obtained from UNICEF's State of the World’s Children Report 2009: Table 10." "" "Data Reliability:" "A concerted effort has been made by UNICEF and its partners to develop a consistent and transparent methodology to track U5MR. However, comparisons between countries should still be made with caution as the data used to derive these estimates come from a wide variety of sources of disparate quality—some countries have several sources of data covering the same period, allowing for data cross-referencing, other countries have many fewer sources, and/or have sources of poor quality. In addition, inaccuracies in birth and death totals in civil registries (with death figures typically less complete than those of births) may result in an underestimation of a country’s U5MR. Finally, survey data collection is often complex, reflects only a small subset of the population, and requires a high level of surveyor quality."