EarthTrends (http://earthtrends.wri.org) Searchable Database Results
Provided by the World Resources Institute (http://www.wri.org)
"Biodiversity and Protected Areas -- Protected Areas: Transfrontier Protected Area Complexes"

"Units: number"

,,1999,
World
"World {1}","",136,

,,1999,
Region/Classification
"Asia (excluding Middle East) {2}","",25,
"Europe {3}","",45,
"North America {4}","",8,
"Sub-Saharan Africa {5}","",34,

,,1999,
Country
"Albania","ALB",1,
"Angola","AGO",3,
"Argentina","ARG",5,
"Austria","AUT",6,
"Bangladesh","BGD",1,
"Belarus","BLR",2,
"Belgium","BEL",1,
"Belize","BLZ",2,
"Benin","BEN",2,
"Bhutan","BTN",1,
"Bolivia","BOL",4,
"Bosnia and Herzegovina","BIH",1,
"Botswana","BWA",2,
"Brazil","BRA",4,
"Brunei Darussalam","BRN",2,
"Burkina Faso","BFA",2,
"Burundi","BDI",1,
"Cambodia","KHM",2,
"Cameroon","CMR",2,
"Canada","CAN",5,
"Côte d'Ivoire","CIV",1,
"Central African Rep","CAF",2,
"Chile","CHL",6,
"China","CHN",8,
"Colombia","COL",4,
"Congo","COG",1,
"Congo, Dem Rep","COD",3,
"Costa Rica","CRI",3,
"Croatia","HRV",1,
"Czech Rep","CZE",8,
"Denmark","DNK",1,
"Ecuador","ECU",1,
"El Salvador","SLV",2,
"Finland","FIN",7,
"France","FRA",4,
"Gambia","GMB",1,
"Germany","DEU",7,
"Greece","GRC",1,
"Guatemala","GTM",4,
"Guinea","GIN",2,
"Honduras","HND",3,
"Hungary","HUN",4,
"India","IND",5,
"Indonesia","IDN",2,
"Italy","ITA",4,
"Kenya","KEN",5,
"Korea, Dem People's Rep","PRK",1,
"Kyrgyzstan","KGZ",1,
"Lao People's Dem Rep","LAO",4,
"Liberia","LBR",1,
"Lithuania","LTU",1,
"Macedonia, FYR","MKD",2,
"Malawi","MWI",3,
"Malaysia","MYS",4,
"Mauritania","MRT",1,
"Mexico","MEX",5,
"Mongolia","MNG",3,
"Mozambique","MOZ",2,
"Namibia","NAM",4,
"Nepal","NPL",3,
"Netherlands","NLD",1,
"Nicaragua","NIC",3,
"Niger","NER",1,
"Nigeria","NGA",1,
"Norway","NOR",6,
"Pakistan","PAK",2,
"Panama","PAN",3,
"Papua New Guinea","PNG",1,
"Paraguay","PRY",1,
"Peru","PER",2,
"Philippines","PHL",1,
"Poland","POL",7,
"Portugal","PRT",1,
"Romania","ROU",2,
"Russian Federation","RUS",11,
"Rwanda","RWA",2,
"Senegal","SEN",3,
"Serbia and Montenegro","YUG",3,
"Slovakia","SVK",9,
"Slovenia","SVN",1,
"Somalia","SOM",1,
"South Africa","ZAF",4,
"Spain","ESP",2,
"Sudan","SDN",4,
"Suriname","SUR",1,
"Swaziland","SWZ",1,
"Sweden","SWE",4,
"Switzerland","CHE",1,
"Tanzania","TZA",3,
"Thailand","THA",2,
"Uganda","UGA",5,
"Ukraine","UKR",3,
"United States","USA",8,
"Uzbekistan","UZB",1,
"Venezuela","VEN",3,
"Viet Nam","VNM",5,
"Zambia","ZMB",7,
"Zimbabwe","ZWE",4,

Footnotes
"1 -- World"
"The number of Transfrontier protected areas shown for the world is less than the sum of the country totals; areas are counted only once here, but can be listed under 2 or more countries."

"2 -- Asia (excluding Middle East)"
"Regional aggregates were calculated by the data provider according to their regional definitions.  Under these definitions, data for Asia include countries in the Middle East."

"3 -- Europe"
"Regional aggregates were calculated by the data provider according to their regional definitions.  "

"4 -- North America"
"Regional aggregates were calculated by the data provider according to their regional definitions.  Data shown here include Mexico."

"5 -- Sub-Saharan Africa"
"Regional aggregates were calculated by the data provider according to their regional definitions.  Data shown here are for the entire continent of Africa."

Source
"Zbicz, Dorothy Calhoun. 1999. A global list of adjoining protected areas.  In Transboundary Cooperation in Conservation: A Global Survey of Factors Influencing Cooperation between Internationally Adjoining Protected Areas. Ph.D. Dissertation, Duke University.  In collaboration with United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC) and World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA)."


Technical Notes
"Definition"
"Transfrontier Protected Area Complexes refer to the number of internationally adjoining protected areas within a country. These include only those places around the world where protected areas physically meet or nearly meet across international borders.  Complexes may include proposed protected areas and areas designated under national legislation that have not been assigned an IUCN Category (i.e. unassigned), provided that there is at least one established protected area adjacent to another on either side of an international boundary."
""
"Sites must qualify as protected areas under the 1994 IUCN definition of"
"“an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity,"
"and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means”"
"(IUCN 1994) In order to meet this criterion, a protected area must be so designated by its host government"
"and must be of a size of at least 1,000 hectares. "
"Many other names have been used for these parks, including border parks, peace parks, transfrontier nature reserves, transborder or transboundary protected areas, et.  In many cases, all that is ""transboundary"" about the protected areas is a shared ecosystem, certainly not cooperation or management."
""
"According to all 120 responses to a survey distributed to adjoining protected areas park managers, adjoining protected areas are an indication of a transfrontier ecosystems.  Pursuing transfrontier cooperation in adjoining protected areas, the author concluded, would therefore be important to biodiversity conservation (Zbicz 1999)."
""
"Years Covered and Frequency of Update"
"This data set represents all known transfrontier protected area complexes that exist at the time of publication in 1999.  It is not known whether there is a standard procedure for updating this dataset."
""
"Methodology"
"Countries were assigned a value of ""1"" for each international protected area complex that exist in that country, based on ""A Global List of Adjoining Protected Areas"" (Zbicz 1999).  For example, the United States has 5 groups of protected areas that are adjacent to Canadian protected areas, and 3 groups of protected areas that are adjacent to Mexican protected areas.  Thus, the United States is given a value of 8 Internationally Adjoining Protected Area Complexes."
""
"The process of compiling a comprehensive (although never ""complete"") list of adjoining"
"protected areas occurred over the time span of two years. The effort began with a preliminary list of seventy ""Border"
"Parks"" identified by Jeremy Harrison of WCMC and Jim Thorsell of IUCN for the Border Parks Workshop"
"held at the first Global Conference on Tourism in Vancouver in 1988 (Thorsell 1990, 13). This early list"
"was expanded by incorporating other regional lists from various sources and from many individuals at"
"Duke University working with protected areas around the world. Input was also solicited from protected"
"area professionals attending the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Montreal in October 1996. In the"
"spring of 1997, Dorothy C. Zbicz (the study's author) spent several weeks at the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) in"
"Cambridge, UK comparing this compiled list with the Centre’s Protected Areas Database and its"
"Geographic Information System Biodiversity Map Library. The staff of the Protected Areas Unit also"
"offered assistance and regional expertise. The list was then taken to the World Conservation Union (IUCN)"
"headquarters in Switzerland. At a meeting of the Steering Committee of IUCN’s World Commission on"
"Protected Areas, the Vice Chairs from each region and the Protected Areas team at IUCN further amended"
"and added to it. International correspondence by fax, mail and electronic mail throughout the process"
"enabled ground-truthing by hundreds of protected area managers and professionals around the world. In 1998, the list was updated with information received from responses to a global survey mailed, with the"
"assistance of IUCN, to the managers of all the adjoining protected areas (Zbicz 1999)."
""
"Data reliability"
"This dataset is a subset of the number of Transfrontier Protected Area Complexes that exist, because knowledge of parks worldwide was limited to the best data available to the author at the time. In addition, the dataset excludes protected areas that are less than 1,000 ha, and excludes many protected areas where status is unknown.  Transfrontier Protected Area Complexes do not make reference to whether tranfrontier cooperation in management is occurring- but only that there are adjoining protected areas on either side of an international border."
""
""
"For more information about this data set, please refer to original source or to:"
"Thorsell, Jim and Heremy Harrison. 1990. Parks That Promote Peace: A Global Inventory of Transfrontier"
"Nature Reserves. In Parks on the Borderline: Experience in Transfrontier Conservation, ed. Jim"
"Thorsell:4-21. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN."
""
""
""
"Zbicz, Dorothy Calhoun. 1999. Transboundary Cooperation in Conservation: A Global Survey of Factors"
"Influencing Cooperation between Internationally Adjoining Protected Areas. Ph.D. diss., Duke"
"University."