Coral Bleaching Has Been Observed Worldwide

When corals undergo certain kinds of stress, much of the zooxanthellae – the symbiotic algae that provide coral polyps with nutrients – are expelled from the coral tissue. Ultimately, weakened corals may die. Bleaching is a frequent symptom of pollution-induced stress, as well as a response to natural factors such as changes in water temperature, salinity levels, and possibly ultraviolet light.[1]

During the El Nino of 1982-83, large areas of coral reef around the world were severely damaged by high water temperatures, which resulted in coral bleaching. Scientific studies have linked bleaching events to temporary “hot spots,” local areas of unusually high temperatures caused by changes in atmospheric circulation during the El Nino oceanographic events. This map provides sense of the wide incidence of coral reef bleaching. The effects of the severe El Nino that started in 1997 have yet to be documented.[2][3]

NOTES

1. Barbara Brown, “Disturbances to Reefs in Recent Times,” in Life and Death of Coral Reefs, ed. Charles Birkeland (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997), 370-72.

2. C.M. Eaken, “Where Have All the Carbonates Gone? A Model Comparison of calcium Carbonate Budgets Before and After the 1982-1983 El Nino,” Coral Reefs 15, no. 2 (1 Aqaba Environmental Action Plan (Washington DC: World Bank, 1996), 996), 109-19.

3. P.W. Glynn, “Coral reef Bleaching: Facts, Hypothesis and Implications,” *Global Change Biology 2, no. 6 (1996), 495-509.