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West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Photo credit: Beth Gingold, WRICommon data and clear definitions will enable the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil and REDD+ policy-makers to achieve a shared goal: sustainable oil palm expansion on degraded land in Indonesia.
In May 2010, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono announced a national policy to develop oil palm plantations on “degraded land”– instead of on forest and peatland — as part of an ambitious plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). Indonesia’s draft national REDD+ strategy, which has been made available for public consultation, reflects this intention.
The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), comprised of over 350 members from government, NGOs, and businesses, has developed a set of principles and criteria for sustainable palm oil production. According to the RSPO, new plantations in Indonesia must not replace primary forest or reduce high conservation values and should use “previously cleared and/or degraded land.”
This November, the RSPO convenes in Jakarta as REDD+ policy-makers continue developing a degraded land national policy. This piece answers frequently asked questions by both groups and aims to provide a common factual starting point for moving the policy dialogue forward.
Implementation of a national policy for Indonesia will require effective participation by many decision-makers in the public, private, and civil sectors engaged in planning and management related to the palm oil sector (Table 1). Companies that have already committed to sustainable practices in accordance with the RSPO stand to benefit from—and can contribute to—this effort.
| Decisions | Decision-Makers |
|---|---|
| National strategy development – How to balance national priorities including REDD+, food security, poverty reduction, and biodiversity preservation? | Government (national) |
| Spatial planning – Which areas are acceptable for plantation expansion or other activities? Decisions include legal land classification/zoning. | Government (national/province/district) |
| Project planning – Which projects should occur in these areas? Decisions include permitting and free prior informed consent. Decisions will be highly influenced by market factors. | Government (district/local) |
| Communities | |
| Companies | |
| Civil Society | |
| Project management – How are projects implemented (i.e., according to Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil Principles & Criteria and/or legal/government sustainability criteria?) | Companies |
| Employees/smallholders | |
| Communities | |
| Measuring, reporting & verification and enforcement – How are plans/management monitored and enforced? | Government (national/province/district) |
| RSPO/industry bodies | |
| Civil Society |
To participate in meaningful debate around this proposed policy, decision-makers across sectors need to have a common understanding of the answers to the following frequently asked questions:
Right now there is simply not enough accurate spatial data to answer these questions for the entire archipelago. This gap can be addressed by a well-designed “degraded land database” that may be developed under the Indonesia-Norway partnership on REDD+, and/or by the “spatial data management mechanism” described under Indonesia’s draft national REDD+ strategy (Section 3.2.1, paragraph 1.c).
Area cleared of forest where alang alang grass and tropical bracken now dominate the landscape. (Photo: Sekala)In the context of developing policies to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation, degraded land refers to areas with low carbon stocks, typically with low tree cover.
There is no single internationally-approved definition of “degraded land” and no single corresponding definition in Indonesian law or policy. The policy dialogue regarding reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) has suffered from this lack of clarity regarding definitions.
Land degradation is generally understood as a human-caused process that results in long term loss of natural productivity.
Forest degradation generally refers to loss of services provided by forested ecosystems, including but not limited to carbon storage.
According to Indonesia’s draft national REDD+ policy:
“Degradation is the change in the forest that has negative impacts on the structure or function of stand or forest land, so that it reduces the forest capacity to provide forest services/products. In the REDD+ context, degradation may be interpreted as the forest carbon stock degradation.”
No specific level of carbon stock degradation is specified.
Government officials, private companies, NGOs, and academics have used the term “degraded” in multiple contexts to describe land with a wide variety of characteristics. General terms that have been used interchangeably with “degraded land” include:
Degraded forest – secondary or selectively logged forests that provide reduced levels of ecosystem services, including but not limited to carbon storage. Ecologists and environmental NGOs are concerned that allowing the conversion of these forests could result in significant carbon emissions as well as lost “co-benefits” such as biodiversity preservation.
Marginal/waste land – areas with low agricultural productivity and economic potential. Companies are concerned that these areas would be unprofitable to develop.
Idle/unused/abandoned land – areas that are empty or not being used productively, often from a legal standpoint. These terms are controversial because legal designations do not always consider existing local or traditional rights, claims, or uses.
In Indonesia, related legal terms include:
Lahan kritis (literally “critical” land, often translated as “degraded”) — land legally designated as having reduced ecological functions by the Ministry of Forestry, based on biophysical characteristics.
Tanah terlantar (unused/abandoned land) — land on which a permit has been issued but has not yet been utilized by the permit-holder.
Lahan tidur (idle land, set-aside lands, literally “sleeping” land) — areas that are considered unproductive according to national or provincial regulations.
Under WRI’s Project POTICO, degraded land refers to areas that were cleared of forests long ago and that now contain low carbon stocks and low levels of biodiversity, such as alang alang grasslands. According to a detailed economic analysis conducted by WWF and fieldwork carried out by WRI’s local partner Sekala, many of these areas have suitable soil for oil palm cultivation, can produce comparable yields relative to recently deforested land, and are viewed as unproductive by local communities.
If degraded land refers to areas that were cleared of forests long ago and that now contain low carbon stocks, various sources suggest that there are likely at least 6 million hectares of degraded land in Indonesia (an area larger than the Indonesian province of Aceh).
Since there is no single definition of degraded land, estimates of the extent of degraded land in Indonesia vary widely. Therefore the extent, location and status of Indonesia’s “degraded” land—particularly from a social and legal standpoint—remain unclear.
Many quoted estimates do not include sufficient information regarding how the estimates were made, or what definitions were used. In many cases, estimates refer to legal land status rather than carbon stock levels. Recent estimates related to the extent of degraded land that may be used for oil palm in Indonesia include:
6 million hectares of degraded land “available for oil palm expansion” according to a senior official of the Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board (Reuters 2010).
7 million hectares of unused/abandoned degraded land (“tanah terlantar yang kondisinya sangat kritis”) according to Ministry of Forestry, February 2010.
8.5 million hectares of alang alang grassland (Garrity 1997).
7-14 million hectares of degraded, abandoned lands that may be used for agricultural development according to Fitrian Ardiansyah, director of climate and energy WWF-Indonesia, (Jakarta Post 2010).
12 million hectares of “idle land” the National Land Agency (BPN) indicates could be used for business purposes, according to the Forestry Minister (Jakarta Post 2010).
31 million hectares of “unused land” considered “suitable” and “available” for agriculture (Agricultural Research & Development Body 2007, cited in Indonesia’s draft REDD+ policy).
40 million hectares of “degraded forests” within the forest estate according to the Forestry Minister (Jakarta Post 2010).
55 million hectares of land designated as non-forest, in other words, land outside the forest estate (Ministry of Forestry 2008, cited in Indonesia’s draft REDD+ policy).
To understand the possible implications of a national policy to promote the development of land that is “degraded” from a carbon standpoint will require distinguishing between terms that refer to physical status and carbon content, and those that refer to legal status.
Experts expect 3-7 million hectares of land will be required to accommodate expected oil palm expansion in Indonesia up to 2020.
How much land is considered “enough” for expansion will vary depending on different viewpoints regarding how much and/or whether expansion is desirable in a particular area. Considering this question on a national scale disregards critical questions related to the distribution of the costs and benefits of expansion, particularly at a local and district level.
Estimates of the current area of land under cultivation for oil palm in Indonesia range from 6-8 million hectares. Total expansion will be highly dependent on global demand, yields, and many other factors.
Recent estimates for projected or expected expansion in Indonesia by 2020 include:
3 million hectares, predicted by experts to meet the growing global demand.
5 million hectares to fulfill national production target of 40 million tons crude palm oil by 2020.1
7 million hectares projected expansion using FAO data as a base case scenario (Wicke et al, 2008).
20 million hectares of planned concessions according to an assessment of provincial spatial plans. However, the same study found that in the past only about one third of the 18 million hectares of forest cleared under planned oil palm concessions have resulted in plantation establishment.
These estimates suggest that there is likely enough degraded land to accommodate the expansion expected to achieve Indonesia’s production goals by 2020.
Acceptable areas for sustainable oil palm plantation expansion can be identified using a methodology that balances environmental, economic, social, and legal considerations—including but not limited to whether an area is degraded.
Just because a tract of land is degraded does not necessarily mean that the tract is acceptable for sustainable palm oil expansion. There is a significant and growing consensus—as reflected by growing industry participation in the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and in recent government statements—regarding the need to balance environmental, economic, and social concerns in order to ensure that the expansion of oil palm plantations is “sustainable.” Identifying acceptable degraded areas for expansion will require that policy-makers develop a participatory decision-making process informed by accurate and up-to-date spatial data that addresses environmental, economic, social, and legal considerations.
WRI and Sekala have developed a working methodology for identifying acceptable areas for sustainable palm oil using a set of criteria that address these considerations (Table 2). This methodology consists of a desktop analysis using available data and applicable screening criteria, followed by fieldwork for verification and in-depth site analysis. WRI and Sekala are engaging with other organizations conducting similar assessments—including WWF, Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and Fauna and Flora International—to further develop this methodology.
| Considerations | Screening Criteria |
|---|---|
| Environmental — Is the area environmentally suitable? Can be assessed and mapped using a combination of spatial data analysis and on-the-ground visits—using established methodologies for identifying high conservation values (HCV). | Carbon Stocks (above and below ground) |
| Biodiversity (HCV 1,2,3) | |
| Ecosystem Services (HCV 4) | |
| Forest Regeneration Potential | |
| Economic — Is utilizing the area for a plantation economically viable? This will vary between oil palm growers—including smallholders—and depend on management practices. | Agricultural suitability (climate, topography, soil) |
| Size | |
| Proximity to infrastructure | |
| Social— Is converting the area to a plantation acceptable to local communities? Needs to be determined through a participatory planning process that addresses “free prior and informed consent.” | Risk of displacement (HCV 5) |
| Risk of loss of cultural identity (HCV 6) | |
| Local people benefit from balanced economic development and are interested in participating in free prior informed consent process.* | |
| Legal— Do zoning and other regulations allow the degraded area to be used for plantations? Can be changed—and may need to be clarified—by policymakers. | Legal land status (zoning) |
| Legal claims (permits) |
*These criteria should be primarily understood as screening criteria for responsible projects, unlike the rest of the screening criteria listed here which apply to identifying acceptable areas for plantations.
Figure 1 shows another way of looking at the screening criteria:
Figure 1. Screening Criteria for Identifying Acceptable Areas for Sustainable Oil Palm ExpansionSome areas that are acceptable according to environmental, economic, and social criteria may be currently unavailable to planters for legal reasons. For example, some of these degraded areas may be legally classified as forest where agricultural activities are not allowed. These legal barriers can be removed by policymakers. However, developing a transparent and fair process for removing legal barriers requires accurate information. Current spatial data regarding legal feasibility—such as the location of outstanding permits or other rights and claims—is often unavailable or inconsistent across multiple data sources.
A publicly accessible website that provides up-to-date, accurate spatial data and established methodologies for identifying acceptable areas for expansion can enable improved decision-making for sustainable palm oil across the public, private, and civil sectors.
A well-designed “degraded land database” or “spatial data management mechanism” as proposed by national REDD+ policy-makers can support improved decision-making for sustainable palm oil on all levels if it:
Contains comprehensive, accurate, and regularly updated spatial data;
Takes the form of a publicly available and easily accessible web-based application that allows users to generate maps based on pre-determined screening criteria and user-defined parameters;
Is designed to address needs of relevant decision-makers—including REDD+ policy makers, national and local government officials, private companies, communities, and civil society organizations (Table 1);
Includes sufficient data to carry out the desktop analysis portion of a common methodology for identifying acceptable areas for sustainable expansion (Table 2); and
Is integrated with the “independent institution for a national monitoring, reporting and verification system” also described in the Indonesia-Norway agreement.
Ensuring public access to accurate up-to-date spatial data would provide all decision-makers with a common basis for taking actions—and engaging in constructive dialogue—regarding the development of degraded land.
Feed the World. Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2010. ↩
