Topic: morocco

PRESS RELEASE: New Paper Lays Out Smart Policies for Renewable Energy Growth

Lauren Zelin — Tue, 24 May 2011 14:15:18 -0400

Offers six principles of smart energy policy for developing countries

A recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) said that 77 percent of the world’s energy could come from renewable sources by 2050, as long as governments adopt the right policies. A new working paper, Grounding Green Power, outlines the key components of smart renewable energy policy in developing countries, focusing on the electrical power sector. The paper, from the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF), in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, suggests priorities for international donors looking to make the most efficient investments in clean energy.

“Helping to build a wind farm is a good thing, but when donors support policies that bring down the cost of renewables, they lay the groundwork for many more wind farms and exponentially more renewable energy projects,” said Lutz Weischer, lead author of the paper and Research Analyst at WRI. “Smart renewable energy policies can drive private investment and create the right environment necessary for long-term growth.”

Grounding Green Power identifies the key components of smart energy policies and draws conclusions from on-the-ground experiences in 12 developing countries. The recommendations were based on a workshop with representatives from Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, South Africa, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Tanzania and Thailand.

Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff, GMF Senior Director for Policy Programs said, “No two countries are the same, but by convening actors from so many developing countries we have been able to discern best practices that apply across countries. This paper should help the international community as it seeks simultaneously to achieve the goals of development cooperation and reduce the risk of climate change.”

The working paper outlines six principles of smart renewable energy policy that are necessary to achieve transformative deployment at scale, based on the 12 international case studies. According to the authors, a smart renewable energy policy should be:

Comprehensive – strives to create an enabling environment including power sector regulations, investment and financing conditions, suitable electric grid infrastructure, and technical capacity.
Based on clearly defined objectives – includes technology deployment, energy access and economic development goals, in addition to added power generation.
Welcoming to private investment – leverages private investment by promoting attractive and predictable market conditions.
Cost-effective – calls for careful policy decisions that avoid over subsidization of renewables, while removing incentives for fossil fuels.
Supportive of innovation – improves performance, reliability, safety and cost of renewable technologies, to take innovation beyond the lab.
Transparent, accountable and participatory – takes into account the principles of good electricity sector governance, including transparency, accountability, and stakeholder participation.

The paper is intended for audiences including bilateral and multilateral development agencies (the World Bank, bilateral financial institutions, and export-credit agencies); existing multilateral climate funds (Global Environmental Facility and Clean Technology Fund); as well as the new Green Climate Fund; and other international organizations like the International Renewable Energy Agency.

The full working paper is available here.

“Grounding Green Power; Bottom-up perspectives on smart renewable energy policy” was co-authored by Lutz Weischer, Davida Wood, Athena Ballesteros, Xing Fu-Bertaux, of the World Resources Institute and published by the German Marshall Fund of the United States in cooperation with the Heinrich Boell Foundation and WRI.

# #

The World Resources Institute (WRI) is a global environmental think tank that goes beyond research to put ideas into action. We work with governments, companies, and civil society to build solutions to urgent environmental challenges. (www.wri.org)

The German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF) is a non-partisan American public policy and grantmaking institution dedicated to promoting better understanding and cooperation between North America and Europe on transatlantic and global issues. GMF does this by supporting individuals and institutions working in the transatlantic sphere, by convening leaders and members of the policy and business communities, by contributing research and analysis on transatlantic topics, and by providing exchange opportunities to foster renewed commitment to the transatlantic relationship. In addition, GMF supports a number of initiatives to strengthen democracies. Founded in 1972 through a gift from Germany as a permanent memorial to Marshall Plan assistance, GMF maintains a strong presence on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition to its headquarters in Washington, DC, GMF has six offices in Europe: Berlin, Paris, Brussels, Belgrade, Ankara, and Bucharest. GMF also has smaller representations in Bratislava, Turin, and Stockholm. (www.gmfus.org/)

The Heinrich Böll Foundation is affiliated with the German Green Party. As part of the Green political movement it has developed worldwide as a response to the traditional politics of socialism, liberalism, and conservatism. The main tenets are ecology and sustainability, democracy and human rights, self-determination and justice. HBF places particular emphasis on gender democracy, meaning social emancipation and equal rights for women and men. As a green think tank and an international policy network, the Heinrich Böll Foundation is active in ecology, democracy and human rights worldwide with 30 offices across the globe. (www.boell.de/service/home.html)

Grounding Green Power: Bottom-Up Perspectives on Smart Renewable Energy Policy in Developing Countries

Maggie Barron — Tue, 24 May 2011 12:51:13 -0400

Watch the summary interview with Lead Author Lutz Weischer

This paper was published by the German Marshall Fund of the United States in cooperation with the Heinrich Boell Foundation and the World Resources Institute.

Developing Countries in the Renewable Energy Transformation

In order to meet the intensifying climate challenge, the global energy system must undergo a fundamental transformation, with a rapid increase of renewable energy worldwide. Developing countries are at the forefront of this challenge, since they are expected to add around 80 percent of all new electric generation capacity worldwide in the next two decades.

The deployment of energy from renewable sources is accelerating in developing countries, and already accounts for a higher percentage of electricity generation than in the developed world. In 2008, non-OECD nations generated 21 percent of their electricity from renewable sources including large-scale hydroelectric power (compared with 17 percent in OECD countries), according to International Energy Agency (IEA) statistics. However, this figure must more than double by 2035, to 46 percent, in order to meet the IEA’s “450 scenario,” which outlines a climate friendly pathway for meeting global energy demands.

Transforming the energy system on this scale will require significantly increased support from developed countries, channeled through both bilateral assistance and multilateral institutions, as well as philanthropic initiatives. Our conclusions, derived from a series of case studies and a comprehensive review of existing literature, suggest that donors should deploy financial support more effectively by moving beyond a project-by-project approach to one that creates the right environment for investments in scaled-up, nationwide deployment.

This working paper seeks to assist in this process, by identifying key components of smart renewable energy policy in developing countries, focusing on the power sector. It also provides recommendations for maximizing the effectiveness of international support for deployment of renewable energies, drawn from these on-the-ground experiences in developing countries.

About this Working Paper

Chapter 1 introduces the approach and methodology taken in this paper and describes the key concepts we address. The second chapter discusses what developing countries are already doing to deploy renewable energy sources, and how they can be supported in scaling up such efforts. It also introduces a set of principles of smart renewable energy policy to propel such a transformation, developed by the World Resources Institute. These are based on insights drawn from case studies of existing renewable energy policies in 12 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as well as from existing literature.

The following five chapters each examine one key element of smart renewable energy policy, discuss lessons learned, and identify needs for international support. These cover planning and strategy (Chapter 3), well-designed generation-based incentives (Chapter 4), an enabling policy and regulatory framework (Chapter 5), attractive financing conditions (Chapter 6), and the necessary technical environment (Chapter 7). Our findings and recommendations are summarized in Chapter 8.

Principles of Smart Renewable Energy Policy

We define smart renewable energy policy as the set of rules, regulations, and government actions that lead to an increased share of renewables in total electricity consumption in line with a country’s development objectives. Smart renewable energy policy encourages private investment, achieves its objectives in a cost-effective way, promotes continuous innovation, and is designed through transparent, accountable, and participatory processes.

Presentation

Download Slides (PDF, 839 Kb)

Review of the Clean Technology Investment Fund Plans

Smita Nakhooda — Tue, 27 Oct 2009 00:00:00 -0400

This review is based on the Clean Technology Fund Investment Plans that have been publicly disclosed on the Climate Investment Fund website as of 25 October 2009.

	Ukraine	South Africa	Morocco
Baseline and objectives	A business as usual (BAU) scenario is set against Ukraine’s Energy Strategy. Plan based on Ukraine’s targets under the Kyoto Protocol, and to reduce emissions by 20% and 50%below 1990 levels by 2020 and 2050 respectively. Energy and industry priority sectors for intervention as account for 91% of emissions. Based on “low carbon development” options to reduce emissions relative to the BAU including: rehabilitation of fossil fuel power plants, 6GW of additional nuclear power plants, switching to 5 500 MW combined cycle / heat and power plants; renewable power generation; increasing electricity production from hydropower by 5 TWh; renovation of the gas network; improving industrial efficiency; improving household efficiency.	Framed by the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios, a national effort to identify opportunities to reduce South Africa’s GHGs. More than 70 % of emissions come from the energy sector because of its reliance on coal, and its economy is highly energy intensive. The scenarios identify energy efficiency, renewable energy, nuclear energy, and modal shifts towards public transport as key opportunities to reduce emissions. The plan is placed in the context of its renewable energy policy and newly adopted renewable energy feed in tariffs, 12% energy efficiency improvement target, and initial experiments with carbon taxes.	Framed by second national UNFCCC communication. GHGs increased 35% between 2000 and 2006, particularly in the electricity (increased coal), and transport sectors. Reducing energy demand could reduce by 6.17 MtC02e per year. Energy supply measures including renewable energy, nuclear power, and increased natural gas could offer 17.6 MtC02e. National Plan of Priority Actions seeks to: diversify fuel supply; increase access to energy; promote renewable energy and energy efficiency; integration with European Markets. Targets by 2020 include: increase wind production by 600% to reach 20% of generation; low energy lighting to reduce energy demand by 800MW; tariff revisions to promote conservation; 15% reduction in energy use in buildings, industry and transport.
Priorities of Clean Technology Investment Plans	100 MW private sector renewable energy (wind farms) and funding through financial intermediaries for 80 MW of smaller projects eg. small hydro and biomass (RE) 450 MW Natural Gas Combined Cycle Combined Heat and Power plant (CCGT/CHP) Financing for Energy Efficiency (EE) Smartgrid development to support renewable energy scale up Upgrading 30% of compressors in Ukraine’s gas transit system to higher efficiency levels It is not clear that the CCGT/CHP and the Gas Transit System meet the investment criteria.	100 MW Eskom Uppington Concentrating Solar Thermal plant 100 MW Western Cape Province wind farm Support municipal governments to deploy solar water heaters Scale up energy efficiency financing to the commercial and industrial sectors	Renewable energy promotion, energy conservation, and public transport identified as key interventions for CTF financing support. Does not provide details on specific programs. Instead, proposes to work through the newly established Fond de Development de l’Energie (FDE), a government owned fund to enhance energy security that has attracted $1 billion in co-financing from the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and the King Hassan Fund. CTF would help “buy down the costs of low carbon growth” through this fund.
Financing	CTF: $350 million = $75m RE; $50m CCGT/CHP; $75m EE; $50m smartgrid; $100m gas system MDB Co-Financing: $2550m IBRD: $ 250m EE; $300m Smartgrid; IFC: $50m RE; $750m CCGT/CHP EBRD: $250m RE; $100m CCGT/CHP; $75m EE; $750m gas network	CTF: $500m MDB Co-Financing: $560m IBRD: $150m CSP; $110m Wind IFC: Energy Efficiency and Solar Water heating $200m AfDB: $50m CSP + $50m Wind	CTF: $150 million MDB Co-Financing: $400 – 600m IBRD: $100 – 200m IFC: $200m or more AfDB: $100 – 200m
Energy Planning	Little discussion of energy planning frameworks and processes. The Ministry of Fuel and Energy oversees the sector and that efforts are underway to introduce competition including through a wholesale electricity market and power pool. Multiple energy strategies and policies are discussed.	Mentions Eskom new build program, noting that there are few near term alternatives to coal to meet energy needs. The lack of effective and transparent planning processes, the responsibility for which has recently been returned to Eskom as system operator is not mentioned.	Notes that the Ministry of Energy Plan sets ambitious goals for increasing supply including by scaling up renewable energy and energy efficiency conservation.
Energy Efficiency (EE) Policy Regs.	A new government energy efficiency law is referenced. The National Agency for the Appropriate Use of Energy (NAER) has developed and implemented several energy efficiency policies, and can participate in the design for tariff policies. Focus of the plan is on making financing for energy efficiency available to commercial banks in the Ukraine.	2009 National Energy Efficiency strategy sets 12% energy efficiency improvement targets. A new standard offer model to incentivize energy efficiency is discussed.	An energy efficiency law is under development. The plan emphasizes the targets to reduce energy consumption by 15% in key sectors. It also mentions programs to incentivize household efficiency by offering a 20% discount to households that reduce consumption by 20% below targets; a demand side management program administered by the National Office for Electricity (ONE); and other provisions to enhance efficiency.
Renewable Energy Policy + Regulations	The Law on Alternative energy Sources of 2003 provides a framework for alternative energy, but has lacked financial support until the adoption of the green tariff (see below). Ukraine is in the process of developing procedures and standards for RE development.	Discussion of the implications of the new renewable energy feed in tariff for creating a market for renewable energy, but does not address current uncertainties around their implementation.	Laws to promote independent power production provide the basic framework for promoting renewable energy development in Morocco. A lack of supportive tariff and regulatory frameworks for wind energy scale up noted. Energipro program allows industrial customers to produce their own renewable energy through reduced wheeling and access to transmission infrastructure.
Pricing	A green tariff has recently been introduced to support renewable energy which presents a coefficient for the retail price for various renewable energy sources.	REFIT incentives for renewable energy noted. Low prices for energy highlighted as a disincentive for efficiency, while noting upcoming price increases. Some reflection on the cost structure of Solar Water systems.	Pricing incentives for energy efficiency in place at ONE are discussed in some detail.
Subsidies	Notes that energy prices (and gas prices in particular) have historically been low. Does not address underlying subsidies for conventional energy that are reflected in pricing and energy systems.	The close relationship between Eskom and the mining industry is mentioned, but no discussion of the underlying cost structure of the coal industry.	The plan notes the increase in public subsidies for oil, but does not discuss the possibility or viability of measures to address subsidies for conventional energy.
Executive Capacity	The National Agency for the Appropriate Use of Energy seeks to promote energy efficiency. A state inspection for energy efficiency unit has been established. Ministries for Regional Development and Housing are also active on efficiency. A Renewable Energy Agency is mentioned, but there is no discussion of its capacity or relationship with other sector actors.	Limited consideration of the various and overlapping roles of the Department of Energy, Department of Public Enterprises, and Department of Environment which all play a role in governing the sector.	The roles of various ministries and agencies including the Ministry of Energy, ONE, and the Center for Development of Renewable Energies (CDER) are described; there is limited of their respective capacities and opportunities for institutional capacity enhancement, though it is clear that these institutions have important programs to promote renewable energy and efficiency underway.
Regulatory Capacity	Limited discussion the role of regulatory agencies; notes that the EBRD has been supporting the National Electricity Regulatory Commission to implement the renewable energy policy.	NERSA’s role in introducing critical regulations to enable sustainable energy is noted, but there is limited attention to its capacity and authority to oversee the sector.	There is no independent electricity regulator in Morocco: ONE reports to the Ministry of Energy.
Transparency	Some discussion of the need for better information on renewable energy options. Corruption is recognized as a major risk for the sector, but there is little discussion of how transparency provisions can help mitigate these risks.	Recognizes the importance of raising consumer awareness of energy efficiency options, including Solar Water Heating. In general there is little attention to important issues of transparency in program implementation.	Risk assessment notes that the transparency of the operations of the FDE and its compliance with accepted standards of good governance to ensure that funds are spent in accordance with agreed priorities. There is no further elaboration of how these critical objectives will be met. A brief reference is made to a pre-preparation grant from the CTF to support this objective.
Public & Consumers	Not Discussed.	The engagement of consumers in the energy efficiency program is noted, but there is no other consideration of stakeholder engagement in the program.	Little discussion of how to engage the public or consumers in development or implementation of programs.
Utility Capacity	The need to support renewable energy companies to participate in the market is discussed, but there is little discussion of the role of the dominant energy companies in Ukraine.	Eskom’s capacity to implement CSP and wind energy programs will be enhanced through the program.	ONE capacity to implement renewable energy and efficiency programs is mentioned; a law to allow ONE to build its own renewable energy facilities is under development.
Local Technology Partners	No discussion of the role of local technology centers in the project implementation.	Supports technology development capacity within Eskom. Notes the potential to support the newly established South African National Energy Research Institute (SANERI)	The role of the Center for Development of Renewable Energies which is now being reorganized into the Agency for the Development of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in implementing programs is noted.
GHG Management	Not discussed.	Notes that a GHG inventory process for the transport sector is underway to support public transport planning. Limited other attention to GHG management capacity within South Africa.	Not discussed.

Ukraine

South Africa

Morocco

Baseline and objectives

A business as usual (BAU) scenario is set against Ukraine’s Energy Strategy. Plan based on Ukraine’s targets under the Kyoto Protocol, and to reduce emissions by 20% and 50%below 1990 levels by 2020 and 2050 respectively. Energy and industry priority sectors for intervention as account for 91% of emissions. Based on “low carbon development” options to reduce emissions relative to the BAU including: rehabilitation of fossil fuel power plants, 6GW of additional nuclear power plants, switching to 5 500 MW combined cycle / heat and power plants; renewable power generation; increasing electricity production from hydropower by 5 TWh; renovation of the gas network; improving industrial efficiency; improving household efficiency.

Framed by the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios, a national effort to identify opportunities to reduce South Africa’s GHGs. More than 70 % of emissions come from the energy sector because of its reliance on coal, and its economy is highly energy intensive. The scenarios identify energy efficiency, renewable energy, nuclear energy, and modal shifts towards public transport as key opportunities to reduce emissions. The plan is placed in the context of its renewable energy policy and newly adopted renewable energy feed in tariffs, 12% energy efficiency improvement target, and initial experiments with carbon taxes.

Framed by second national UNFCCC communication. GHGs increased 35% between 2000 and 2006, particularly in the electricity (increased coal), and transport sectors. Reducing energy demand could reduce by 6.17 MtC02e per year. Energy supply measures including renewable energy, nuclear power, and increased natural gas could offer 17.6 MtC02e. National Plan of Priority Actions seeks to: diversify fuel supply; increase access to energy; promote renewable energy and energy efficiency; integration with European Markets. Targets by 2020 include: increase wind production by 600% to reach 20% of generation; low energy lighting to reduce energy demand by 800MW; tariff revisions to promote conservation; 15% reduction in energy use in buildings, industry and transport.

Priorities of Clean Technology Investment Plans

100 MW private sector renewable energy (wind farms) and funding through financial intermediaries for 80 MW of smaller projects eg. small hydro and biomass (RE)
450 MW Natural Gas Combined Cycle Combined Heat and Power plant (CCGT/CHP)
Financing for Energy Efficiency (EE) Smartgrid development to support renewable energy scale up
Upgrading 30% of compressors in Ukraine’s gas transit system to higher efficiency levels

It is not clear that the CCGT/CHP and the Gas Transit System meet the investment criteria.

100 MW Eskom Uppington Concentrating Solar Thermal plant 100 MW Western Cape Province wind farm
Support municipal governments to deploy solar water heaters
Scale up energy efficiency financing to the commercial and industrial sectors

Renewable energy promotion, energy conservation, and public transport identified as key interventions for CTF financing support. Does not provide details on specific programs.

Instead, proposes to work through the newly established Fond de Development de l’Energie (FDE), a government owned fund to enhance energy security that has attracted $1 billion in co-financing from the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and the King Hassan Fund. CTF would help “buy down the costs of low carbon growth” through this fund.

Financing

CTF: $350 million = $75m RE; $50m CCGT/CHP; $75m EE; $50m smartgrid; $100m gas system
MDB Co-Financing: $2550m
IBRD: $ 250m EE; $300m Smartgrid;
IFC: $50m RE; $750m CCGT/CHP
EBRD: $250m RE; $100m CCGT/CHP; $75m EE; $750m gas network

CTF: $500m
MDB Co-Financing: $560m
IBRD: $150m CSP; $110m Wind
IFC: Energy Efficiency and Solar Water heating $200m
AfDB: $50m CSP + $50m Wind

CTF: $150 million
MDB Co-Financing: $400 – 600m
IBRD: $100 – 200m
IFC: $200m or more
AfDB: $100 – 200m

Energy Planning

Little discussion of energy planning frameworks and processes. The Ministry of Fuel and Energy oversees the sector and that efforts are underway to introduce competition including through a wholesale electricity market and power pool. Multiple energy strategies and policies are discussed.

Mentions Eskom new build program, noting that there are few near term alternatives to coal to meet energy needs. The lack of effective and transparent planning processes, the responsibility for which has recently been returned to Eskom as system operator is not mentioned.

Notes that the Ministry of Energy Plan sets ambitious goals for increasing supply including by scaling up renewable energy and energy efficiency conservation.

Energy Efficiency (EE) Policy Regs.

A new government energy efficiency law is referenced. The National Agency for the Appropriate Use of Energy (NAER) has developed and implemented several energy efficiency policies, and can participate in the design for tariff policies. Focus of the plan is on making financing for energy efficiency available to commercial banks in the Ukraine.

2009 National Energy Efficiency strategy sets 12% energy efficiency improvement targets. A new standard offer model to incentivize energy efficiency is discussed.

An energy efficiency law is under development. The plan emphasizes the targets to reduce energy consumption by 15% in key sectors. It also mentions programs to incentivize household efficiency by offering a 20% discount to households that reduce consumption by 20% below targets; a demand side management program administered by the National Office for Electricity (ONE); and other provisions to enhance efficiency.

Renewable Energy Policy + Regulations

The Law on Alternative energy Sources of 2003 provides a framework for alternative energy, but has lacked financial support until the adoption of the green tariff (see below). Ukraine is in the process of developing procedures and standards for RE development.

Discussion of the implications of the new renewable energy feed in tariff for creating a market for renewable energy, but does not address current uncertainties around their implementation.

Laws to promote independent power production provide the basic framework for promoting renewable energy development in Morocco. A lack of supportive tariff and regulatory frameworks for wind energy scale up noted. Energipro program allows industrial customers to produce their own renewable energy through reduced wheeling and access to transmission infrastructure.

Pricing

A green tariff has recently been introduced to support renewable energy which presents a coefficient for the retail price for various renewable energy sources.

REFIT incentives for renewable energy noted. Low prices for energy highlighted as a disincentive for efficiency, while noting upcoming price increases. Some reflection on the cost structure of Solar Water systems.

Pricing incentives for energy efficiency in place at ONE are discussed in some detail.

Subsidies

Notes that energy prices (and gas prices in particular) have historically been low. Does not address underlying subsidies for conventional energy that are reflected in pricing and energy systems.

The close relationship between Eskom and the mining industry is mentioned, but no discussion of the underlying cost structure of the coal industry.

The plan notes the increase in public subsidies for oil, but does not discuss the possibility or viability of measures to address subsidies for conventional energy.

Executive Capacity

The National Agency for the Appropriate Use of Energy seeks to promote energy efficiency. A state inspection for energy efficiency unit has been established. Ministries for Regional Development and Housing are also active on efficiency. A Renewable Energy Agency is mentioned, but there is no discussion of its capacity or relationship with other sector actors.

Limited consideration of the various and overlapping roles of the Department of Energy, Department of Public Enterprises, and Department of Environment which all play a role in governing the sector.

The roles of various ministries and agencies including the Ministry of Energy, ONE, and the Center for Development of Renewable Energies (CDER) are described; there is limited of their respective capacities and opportunities for institutional capacity enhancement, though it is clear that these institutions have important programs to promote renewable energy and efficiency underway.

Regulatory Capacity

Limited discussion the role of regulatory agencies; notes that the EBRD has been supporting the National Electricity Regulatory Commission to implement the renewable energy policy.

NERSA’s role in introducing critical regulations to enable sustainable energy is noted, but there is limited attention to its capacity and authority to oversee the sector.

There is no independent electricity regulator in Morocco: ONE reports to the Ministry of Energy.

Transparency

Some discussion of the need for better information on renewable energy options. Corruption is recognized as a major risk for the sector, but there is little discussion of how transparency provisions can help mitigate these risks.

Recognizes the importance of raising consumer awareness of energy efficiency options, including Solar Water Heating. In general there is little attention to important issues of transparency in program implementation.

Risk assessment notes that the transparency of the operations of the FDE and its compliance with accepted standards of good governance to ensure that funds are spent in accordance with agreed priorities. There is no further elaboration of how these critical objectives will be met. A brief reference is made to a pre-preparation grant from the CTF to support this objective.

Public & Consumers

Not Discussed.

The engagement of consumers in the energy efficiency program is noted, but there is no other consideration of stakeholder engagement in the program.

Little discussion of how to engage the public or consumers in development or implementation of programs.

Utility Capacity

The need to support renewable energy companies to participate in the market is discussed, but there is little discussion of the role of the dominant energy companies in Ukraine.

Eskom’s capacity to implement CSP and wind energy programs will be enhanced through the program.

ONE capacity to implement renewable energy and efficiency programs is mentioned; a law to allow ONE to build its own renewable energy facilities is under development.

Local Technology Partners

No discussion of the role of local technology centers in the project implementation.

Supports technology development capacity within Eskom. Notes the potential to support the newly established South African National Energy Research Institute (SANERI)

The role of the Center for Development of Renewable Energies which is now being reorganized into the Agency for the Development of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in implementing programs is noted.

GHG Management

Not discussed.

Notes that a GHG inventory process for the transport sector is underway to support public transport planning. Limited other attention to GHG management capacity within South Africa.

Not discussed.